The Father of Modern-Day Chemistry Essay -- Biography, Lavoisier

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier is considered to be the father of modern-day chemistry (Balchin 36). He had an unbelievable impact on the way the world views chemistry today. From identifying elements to discovering the importance of the role of combustion, he played an essential part in the worlds scientific ideas and inventions. He was so influential that he is tell to have an equal if not greater impact in chemistry as Newton did in physics (Tiner 90). He used the initial ideas of Joseph Priestley, heat content Cavendish, and Karl Scheele, and worked to prove them and make them more official (Tiner 90). Because of these accomplishments, he is considered one of Frances and the worlds more or less outstanding scientists (Tiner 91). Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was one of the worlds most influential scientists and people of all time because he was a leading figure in the 18th century chemical revolution, he developed a theory on the chemical reactivity of oxygen, and he discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was born on August 26, 1743 in Paris, France. He was the only nestling of a wealthy middle-class family (Antoine Britannia). His father was a very successful merchant (Antoine How). From a very young age, he was very studious and passing interested and concerned with the prosperity and the good of the public (Antoine Britannica). His education consisted of the study of mathematics, the classics, and sciences. He chose to pursue a career in chemistry because of an interest in rocks and other minerals (Balchin 36). Pursuing his gift in education, he went off to college and discovered a passion for law while he was there. After he finished college, he went to law school. He spent much of his time atten... ... he left a huge legacy. Ironically, two years after his death, people were do statues in honor of him. He left the world with all of his knowledge on oxidation, the periodic table, and work in the chemical revolut ion. In fact, his naming transition is still used today, and his name is used in the title of the modern-day chemical naming system (Balchin 36). Lavoisier had a world impact incomparable to most. He explained in great detail the questions of many scientists, and had ideas and theories that were later proved by other scientists. He is credited for being a prominent figure in the chemical revolution, his work with combustion and the discovery of oxygen and its properties, and discovering the Law of Conservation of Mass. Lavoisier is definitely one of the most influential people of all time, as hale as an unbelievable chemist and all around person.

Parking on Campus :: essays research papers

Parking on campus needs improving. Students entering the university atomic number 18 allowed to excite a gondola car on campus. With every new freshmen class entering parking posses a job on campus. The campus is already limited in its parking on campus and since freshmen are allowed to have cars, the students before them are faced with the dilemma of how many new freshmen will be bringing a car to school.Parking by the dormitories is roughly impossible. Students who live at particular dorms find themselves faced with the problem of having to park on the other side of campus. Those who live in Brown Hall, which is behind the Thompson center, have the most parking problems on campus. This is because the Thompson center is a very large building housing various departments on campus. at that placefore it receives a lot of vocation all day. Visitors to the campus are taking over the parking lots around the Thompson center, which is forcing students to park other places on campus and some students chose to disregard the signs posted for reserved parking.There needs to be additional parking on campus made for those visiting the campus and also for students, faculty already has reserved parking however the limited descend of parking on campus is forcing students and visitors to reserved faculty lots. Our school is limited in funding for certain projects such adding additional parking to solve the parking problem on campus. The student body should take responsibility for the raising of these funds to build additional parking on campus. The rising sophomore class should place fund raising events to build additional parking on campus.

Grapes of Wrath :: Essays Papers

Grapes of Wrath In the ancestry of the novel The Grapes of Wrath, the Joads argon confront with the challenge of traveling rout 66 all the way to California. This is their solution for being tractored off their land and having no way to support the large family. This challenge is similar to the depression in 1929, when many people lost their jobs, home, and their whole life. The last of the family, the few left in end of the book represent the survivors of the depression. I dont believe that the ending was adequate because it could have stated the struggle much more dramatically to prove a stronger point.In the beginning of the Joads journey they have their arms ready with hope of a brighter life and a little over a hundred bucks. Their journey truly begins when they are tractored off the land by a man on a machine. The man was an extension of the machine. This quote demonstrates the loss of individuality the man was nothing except a pawn in industrial game. Througho ut the journey to California they run across many other people just like them, aiming for the uniform goal, California. This parallels to the depression agown(prenominal) in how the large amounts of people, that were broke, hungry, and homeless, were all looking for the same goal, a better life.Mas quote, Use ta be the fambly was fust. It aint so now. Its anybody worse off we get, the more we got to do. ,shows how the family lost its fire or strive. Ma is saying that even when the fambly was fussing about things they remedy were lively, unlike now, they have no motivation and they are in a dead state of overwhelmed foresight. Ma is doing all that she can to not only withstand the family together, but also keep the family going in the right direction while dealing with her own issues of constant overwhelming defeat.The novel closes with Rosa of Sharon crack her dead babys breast milk to a stranger, the father of a boy the Joads found leaning over him. While committing the gesture a mysterious smile crosses her lips. These closing lines signify the Christian belief that Jesus gave holy communion, his own flesh and blood, like Rosa of Sharon gave her milk.

Shakespeare And Catholicism Essay -- essays research papers

By researching the life and writings of William Shakespeare, it can be shown that many an(prenominal) Christian values and beliefs are display through his literary works. In erect to attend the religious content in Shakespeares work it is helpful to first understand what the religious environment in England was like around Shakespeares time. England, ever since it was command by the Romans, had been a Catholic nation. Before Shakespeares life sentence, a drastic change occurred that entirely upended the existing Catholicism of the incline people. During King Henry VIIIs reign, the English people were, for the some part, content with Catholicism. Through a series of very complicated policy-making maneuvers, Henry eventually seized power of the English church. The benefits of this control were ample for the state. First of all, Henry obtained his divorce from his first wife. Second, the state received the tithes and taxes from church property, thereof making the break very profitable for the state. Finally, with the closing of all of the monasteries, England gained vauntingly tracts of land to sell to land owners and tax heavily. The break with the Church of capital of Italy, on the former(a) hand, was not welcomed by the people. Through various laws and ordinances the monarchy effectively closed crush the Catholic church in England, but this did not stop the people from cosmos loyal to Catholicism in their hearts. One of the effects of the break from Rome was the welcoming of an English translation of the word of honor. One of the first English translations of the leger was written by William Tyndale. Known as Cranmers Bible or the Great Bible, this Bible along with the Geneva Bible would have been the two translations used widely during Shakespeares lifetime (Milward 85). With the invention of the printing press before this time, the Bible was becoming a household item. Access to Scripture was at it highest point in history to that time. The handiness of the Bible spaciously impacted the work of Shakespeare because he had such a resource at his disposal. Along with these two translations of Scripture already available to Shakespeare came a new translation authorized by King James I. nowadays this translation is known as the King James Authorized Version (Milward 86). At this point in time, the climate was right for Shakespeare to learn a great deal about Christianity direct... ...gedy with a good ending, making the eventual happiness ensnare better appreciated. In conclusion, Shakespeares plays ranged from light-hearted comedies to gut-wrenching tragedies. Characters of the highest character as well as the most immoral persons to grace the stage appeared in his works. The scope of Shakespeares work seemed to cover nearly all aspects of life. Through all of these tales, the theme that occurred consistently was the spiritual long of every individual for love (Knight 69). Shakespeares plays move from a hope in polit ical salvation to a desire for spiritual salvation, just like the Bible does. All of his plays end with many hope that life will go on and things will get better, just as Christianity hopes for a perfect introduction to come. His works emphasized the common beliefs of both sects of Christianity as well as some distinctly Catholic ones. This in no way makes Shakespeare a Christian or, more specifically, a Catholic. At its most fundamental point it does mean that Shakespeare had fellowship of the Bible and the Christian religion. The bizarre religious circumstances of Shakespeares world played a large role in molding his works into what they became. Shakespeare And Catholicism act -- essays research papers By researching the life and writings of William Shakespeare, it can be shown that many Christian values and beliefs are displayed through his literary works. In order to understand the religious content in Shakespeares work it is helpful to first understand what the religious environment in England was like around Shakespeares time. England, ever since it was ruled by the Romans, had been a Catholic nation. Before Shakespeares lifetime, a drastic change occurred that completely upended the existing Catholicism of the English people. During King Henry VIIIs reign, the English people were, for the most part, content with Catholicism. Through a series of very complex political maneuvers, Henry eventually seized power of the English church. The benefits of this control were enormous for the state. First of all, Henry obtained his divorce from his first wife. Second, the state received the tithes and taxes from church property, thus making the break very profitable for the state. Finally, with the closing of all of the monasteries, England gained large tracts of land to sell to land owners and tax heavily. The break with the Church of Rome, on the other hand, was not welcomed by the people. Through various laws and ordinances the monarchy effec tively closed down the Catholic church in England, but this did not stop the people from being loyal to Catholicism in their hearts. One of the effects of the break from Rome was the welcoming of an English translation of the Bible. One of the first English translations of the Bible was written by William Tyndale. Known as Cranmers Bible or the Great Bible, this Bible along with the Geneva Bible would have been the two translations used widely during Shakespeares lifetime (Milward 85). With the invention of the printing press before this time, the Bible was becoming a household item. Access to Scripture was at it highest point in history to that time. The accessibility of the Bible greatly impacted the work of Shakespeare because he had such a resource at his disposal. Along with these two translations of Scripture already available to Shakespeare came a new translation authorized by King James I. Today this translation is known as the King James Authorized Version (Milward 86). At this point in time, the climate was right for Shakespeare to learn a great deal about Christianity direct... ...gedy with a good ending, making the eventual happiness found better appreciated. In conclusion, Shakespeares plays ranged from light-hearted comedies to gut-wrenching tragedies. Characters of the highest character as well as the most immoral persons to grace the stage appeared in his works. The scope of Shakespeares work seemed to cover almost all aspects of life. Through all of these tales, the theme that occurred consistently was the spiritual longing of every individual for love (Knight 69). Shakespeares plays move from a hope in political salvation to a desire for spiritual salvation, just like the Bible does. All of his plays end with some hope that life will go on and things will get better, just as Christianity hopes for a perfect world to come. His works emphasized the common beliefs of both sects of Christianity as well as some distinctly Catholic ones. This in n o way makes Shakespeare a Christian or, more specifically, a Catholic. At its most fundamental point it does mean that Shakespeare had knowledge of the Bible and the Christian religion. The bizarre religious circumstances of Shakespeares world played a large role in molding his works into what they became.

Comparing Anzia Yezierskas Bread Givers and Soap and Water Essay

Anzia Yezierskas Bread Givers and Soap and Water In Anzia Yezierskas works Bread Givers and Soap and Water, she uses similar aspects of the characters that portray her own life. Both of the stories resemble similarities of Yezierskas life and appear to be autobiographical to her personal experiences. The author portrays, in both the stories, a belief that the majority culture is clean while the minority culture is dirty. Sarah in Bread Givers and the narrator in Soap and Water each have a hunger that consume them in different directions actual hunger for food, progress into society and a hunger for knowledge. The ladies in both of the stories share similar desires to become a teacher, go to college, and feed a constant hunger. Though the stories are alike they differ in some areas outcomes of college life, self -portrayal and chances of getting started in the professional world. Yezierskas work appears to hypothesise her own lifestyle. In fact, since the use of the first person narration many think that her work his autobiographical. Most of her works portray the Immigrant woman is in credit line of the American dream (Drucker 1-3). Like the Characters in Yezierskas stories Bread Givers and Soap and Water, Yezierska had the same goals and accomplishments and came from a similar background going to college, becoming a teacher, work in the laundry business and being raised in poverty. Although the stories resemble Yezierskas life, they are not, according to her lady friend, completely accountable. According to Henriksens A Writers Life, he claims Yezierskas daughter warns against the accuracy of her mothers writing. Although most of her writing was autobiographical, she was inc... ...ctions actual hunger for food, progress into society and a hunger for knowledge. The hunger is what leads them to their ultimate goal. Works Cited Druker, Sally. Homepage. 15 April 2014. http//www.georgetown.edu/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/yezier ska.html Ebest, Ron. Anzia Yezierska and the hot Periodical Debate Over the Jews. Melus. Spring 2000 http//www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2278/1_25/63323838/p1/article.jhtml?term=Anzia+and%20the+the+popular+periodical+debate Prentice-Hall. Homepage. 14 April 2014. http//cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/keating/chapter6/custom17/deluxe-content.html Yezierska, Anzia. Bread Givers. New York Persea Books, 1925. ---. Soap and Water. Imagining America Stories from the Promised Land. Ed. Wesley brown and Amy Ling. New York Persea Books, 1991. 105-110.

Comparing Anzia Yezierskas Bread Givers and Soap and Water Essay

Anzia Yezierskas Bread Givers and Soap and Water In Anzia Yezierskas works Bread Givers and Soap and Water, she drug abuses similar aspects of the characters that portray her own life. Both of the stories tally similarities of Yezierskas life and appear to be autobiographical to her personal experiences. The author portrays, in both the stories, a belief that the majority culture is clean while the minority culture is dirty. Sarah in Bread Givers and the narrator in Soap and Water each have a hunger that drive them in different directions essential hunger for food, progress into society and a hunger for knowledge. The ladies in both of the stories share similar desires to become a teacher, go to college, and feed a continual hunger. Though the stories are alike they differ in some areas outcomes of college life, self -portrayal and chances of getting started in the professional world. Yezierskas work appears to reflect her own lifestyle. In fact, since the use of the first person narration many think that her work his autobiographical. Most of her works portray the Immigrant woman is in pursuit of the American dream (Drucker 1-3). care the Characters in Yezierskas stories Bread Givers and Soap and Water, Yezierska had the same goals and accomplishments and came from a similar background going to college, becoming a teacher, working in the laundry product line and being raised in poverty. Although the stories resemble Yezierskas life, they are not, according to her daughter, completely accountable. According to Henriksens A Writers Life, he claims Yezierskas daughter warns against the accuracy of her mothers paternity. Although most of her writing was autobiographical, she was inc... ...ctions actual hunger for food, progress into society and a hunger for knowledge. The hunger is what leads them to their ultimate goal. Works Cited Druker, Sally. Homepage. 15 April 2014. http//www.georgetown.edu/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide /yezierska.html Ebest, Ron. Anzia Yezierska and the Popular Periodical Debate over the Jews. Melus. Spring 2000 http//www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2278/1_25/63323838/p1/article.jhtml?term=Anzia+and%20the+the+popular+periodical+debate Prentice-Hall. Homepage. 14 April 2014. http//cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/keating/chapter6/custom17/deluxe-content.html Yezierska, Anzia. Bread Givers. New York Persea Books, 1925. ---. Soap and Water. Imagining America Stories from the Promised Land. Ed. Wesley Brown and Amy Ling. New York Persea Books, 1991. 105-110.

Learning Plan Essay

The learning plan described in this paper is to have scholarly persons debate a topic relate to the Civil fight. The debate topic is Was the Emancipation Proclamation enacted for moral reasons or political reasons? The main concept of this learning plan is to have students work collaboratively to inquiry facts, and rec solely and enjoyment facts from the Civil War unit to incorporate into their arguments. (It should be noned that the learning plan described in this paper bequeath fuck off several classes to complete, further the learning plan procedures willing only address the class where the debate will occur. )It isassumed that debate dexteritys were taught in a introductory class. The learning theory certainly incorporates constructivist aspects. They are constructing knowledge rather than absorbing it. This is constructivist approach is illustrated by dint of the collaborative temperament of the appointment, as hygienic as through the research that students mus t(prenominal)iness produce. In terms of the manipulation of engine room and media the students will be instructed to research one source of study, from the internet, related to their argument. They must submit a one-page analysis of the education in which they found along with a references page.This must be submitted to the t severallyer a week before the scheduled debate. The instructor will measure out the meat of the paper, provided the references page will also be important. T each(prenominal)er must evaluate the kinds of internet sources that the students have workoutd. The credibility of the internet source, and the military posture of students research will be analyzed by the teacher. The purpose is to assess students traditional literacy and critical analytical skills (assessed when evaluating the content), and information 1 2 teaching mean HISTORY DEBATE twelvemonth literacy/interpretation skills of online actual (assessed by re soak uping thereference page).F inally, the teacher will hand hind end papers to the students, and he/she will instruct each group to use at least both of their group members papers into their groups arguments. Media and technology will also be incorporated with the use of accessible media. The teacher will tell students that their debates will be recorded and submitted to youtube or a underground crop website (if issues of privacy are raised). Others will be allowed to persuasion the tv set to evaluate the strength of each team ups arguments. Based on the comments of world viewers, a winner will be chosen (by popular vote).This popular vote will be incorporated as a small section into the assessment. This is being done as to allow students to participate in new media opportunities indoors an educational context. attainment Plan Context Setting The high ineluctably school will be a High School in the Bay atomic number 18a, either in San Francisco or Oakland. There will be 25-30 students in an individ ual classroom. The lesson will take place the week after the Civil War unit is finished. It is anticipated that the unit will last about two weeks, consequently the debate class will occur during the third week. The actual debate class will take up one class period.The content area is US History/Politics. The grade level is Juniors (11th grade). In sum, the curriculum unit is 11th grade, US History/Politics, Civil War unit. 2 3 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE sept Standards According to California standards for literacy in History/Social Studies in 6-12th grades. A student must be able to demonstrate analysis of primary and secondary sources, and connect these insights to the agreement of the whole text. This ability will be addressed and assessed when students must incorporate information learned from the school text with information gained from the internet, and use bothsources of information, into their debate.The students ability to undertake this task will be evaluated by the teacher with the resignation of students sources, and also during the debate. (http//www. cde. ca. gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards. pdf. ) Also according to California standards, students must be able to evaluate various explanations for events and actions. This standard is illustrated in the nature of the activity. A debate, in itself, evaluates different explanations for one event, which makes it an ideal means of addressing this standard. (http//www. cde. ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards. pdf. )Finally, according to California standards, students must be able to evaluate differing points of view on the same historical issue. Once again, this standard is illustrated within the nature of a debate. It is also illustrated when students submit their own analysis of internet research (http//www. cde. ca. gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards. pdf. ) learning Objective 3 4 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Students will be able to collaboratively demonstrate their knowledge of Civil War policy, events and information, from the textbook and fromonline sources, by formulating arguments to be presented within a debate.Learning Theory Applications Constructivism is certainly at play in this lesson plan The activity allows knowledge to be organized into schemas, concepts, and worldviews. This activity is emphasizing the use of authentic activities by constructing knowledge through interaction with the environments (internet and peers), and applying it to real-life situations (debate). The collaborative component certainly illustrates constuctivism learners will help each other create conceptual familiaritys. Finally, students are working autonomously with the help of theteacher as facilitator, supporter, and model (Ormrod, 2006). Learning AccommodationsIndividualized Education Plan for Special Accomodations In each team, all students will be assigned a role. For example, speaker, writer, time-keeper. A students IEP will be taken into good will when appoint roles. A student with an IEP, will be assigned a role that best fits their IEP. For example, a student with ADD, may be best fit to be a time-keeper since their attention span is not as focused. They may be anxious to change the pace of the groups discussions, and therefore they may be eager to keep track of the time.4 5 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Language Development needs When assigning the internet-based research the teacher will give ELL students a website to navigate to, instead of having the students navigate the internet themselves. Teacher will give explicit instructions as to where to look on the website so students do not feel too overwhelmed with the English language. Teacher will ask the students to try to comprehend some of the information, however if this proves too difficult, then the teacher will ask the students to find 15-20 words from the website that the student did not understand.The student will then find the meanings of these words in their own language. They must write at least a paragraph about the Civil War unit incorporating five of the words that they found on the internet. Also, at least two of these words must be incorporated into the arguments of their team. Gifted and Talented needs This is a challenging component to consider because a adroit/talented student does not necessarily mean an academic-rigorous student. To really tailor the lesson to address the interests of a gifted/talented student, then the teacher will have to be familiar with the personality of that particular student.However, some situations will be addressed here. First of all, from the research, the lesson itself befits that of a gifted/talented student. Competition, which characterizes a debate, ordinarily suits the nature of gifted/talented students. (http//www. teachersfirst. com/gifted_strategies. cfm) The first situation to consider is a student who is gifted/talented, but not academically 5 6 LEARNING PLAN HISTO RY DEBATE CLASS rigorous. This student will be given a leadership role within his/her team. He/she may be assigned to organize/manage all the ideas of the students.He/she is the one who will be given the rubric for what theteacher is assessing when observing the teams discussions and arguments. He/she is the manager, and he/she will be assessed on their ability to keep his/her team on task. In this way, this student isnt necessarily doing more academic work, but he/she is being challenged in a rather difficult manner.A second situation to consider is to have a gifted/talented student who is academically rigorous. The teacher will give this student a second component to add to his/her research paper. The student must connect textbook material and internet material to the US politics of today. This is increasing thecognitive process from analyze (which all students must do with their research papers) to evaluate (Anderson and Krathwol, 2001). The student gutter choose to incorporate this extra component into their teams arguments. Resource Accommodations Low techThere are no computers, projector, or internet bother in the classroom. If this is the case, teacher may have to allocate time in different lessons to use school facilities where computers are available. Computers must be used so that the teacher can show students the kinds of websites that are credible, as well as to use sites, like youtube, to show students examples of debates.Computer use is necessary so 6 7 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS teacher may have to take time before or after school to meet with students (who are willing) to show them the above-mentioned websites. Mid tech One computer connected to a projector is available in the classroom. The teacher can use this computer to show examples of credible websites, as well as to show examples of debates online. High tech Class is equipped with several computers. Teams can go online themselves to view videos of debates and start research for their paper.In this way, the collaborative nature of the lesson willstart even earlier (in the pre-planning stage). Content-Based Literacy Skills In terms of text-based literacy students must incorporate information from their textbook into their arguments Critical thinking, reflective thought, and text-supported thinking will be illustrated when students must draw connections between internet-based information and textbook information while doing their analysis/research paper.This connection will be evaluated when students cute their sources within their paper. (This explanation will also illustrate students information literacy. ) New Media Literacy SkillsPerformance This skill is illustrated when students view sample debates on the internet and use this as models of performance in their own debates. 7 8 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Collective Intelligence This skill is done when students are within their respective teams and they must draw upon their own and others ideas, research, and knowledge to formulate strong arguments.Judgement This skill is illustrated when students must judge which websites and information are to be included in their research/analysis paper. Networking Once again, this skill is illustrated when students mustsearch, connect, and analyze information on the internet for the purpose of their research/analysis paper (Jenkins, 2001). Learning Material Textbook Learners will need textbook so that they can recall information. Paper, compile Leaners will need so that they can write down information.Rubric Both the learner and teacher needs. Learners need it so that they are aware of whats expected of them while working in teams and formulating their arguments. Teacher needs it so that he/she can refer to it when assessing the teams progress. Notes Learners will need them as a reference when formulating arguments.Stopwatch/watch This will be given to the student whose job is timekeeper. Video Camera Used to record the debate Learning Plan Procedures Phase I Motivation Activity Teacher will show a short clip of a very powerful, interesting debate. peradventure a presidential debate. The clip will only show the most 8 9 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS moving part (according to the teacher) of the debate. Hopefully the clip will be no longer than 5 minutes long. (if theres no computer available, then teacher must bring in her/his own computer. ) In a class of 30 chair/table. There will be 15 chairs/ tables on each sideof the room.They will be facing eachother. Learners will enter the classroom and sit down immediately with their team. The teacher will then show the video as soon as the class is seated and quiet. This activity is being done to motivate, encourage, and remind students of what a good debate looks like so that the output signal of the students debates can match skills such as speaking (clear and concise) and eye-contact of the debaters within the video. Phase II Input (Teacher Driven) Activity D uring this class, the teacher will, serve only as facilitator, therefore not much activity will be driven by the teacher.However, after the video, the teacher will remind students of the rubric that was given to them, and tell students that she/he is only their to assist in the logistics of the debate (time, flow, managing emotions if this becomes a problem). The teacher will also instruct students to take notes on each others arguments because this naming will be important for their homework assignment. She/he will also remind student that they will be recorded. Teacher will tell all students to take out their rubrics. She/He will go over some key point from the rubric as it relates to the debate. 9 10 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS.The teacher will tell students to make sure that they keep these key points in mind because these points will be assessed during the debate. The teacher will instruct students to have their rubrics out for the entire class so they can monitor their teams progress by themselves. Teacher will officially go over key questions from the rubric that he/she hopes the teams have incorporated into the nature of the debate (clear speech, eye contact, concise points, respectful behavior) as well as into the content of the debate.In term of the nature of the debate, questions might look like Is my team being quiet/respectful as theother team presents their arguments? , Are my responses to the others teams arguments not insulting? etc. In terms of the content of the debate, questions may look like, Did my team incorporate facts from the textbook? , Did my team use at least two credible internet sources within the argument? , Did my team follow special instructions assigned by the teacher (e. g. incorporating ideas from IEP students, ELL student, gifted students)?. This activity and these questions serve to remind students of the importance of the collaborative nature of the learning objective. Theyalso serve to remind students that they must be able to demonstrate their understanding of the Civil War unit, as well as their understanding of outside sources within the context of an argument. Phase III Output (Learner Driven) Activity 10 11 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Students will take part in a debate.The topic is Was the Emancipation Proclamation enacted for moral reasons or political reasons? This activity will illustrate the learning objective in several ways. First, the collaborative nature of the previous classes will finally be demonstrated. Second, the students must illustrate their knowledge ofCivil War policies within their arguments. Third, both sides arguments must include information from outside sources. The teacher will select one team to present their arguments first. Recording will begin The speaker of that team will stand up and come to the front of the class.They will present their teams argument. In the argument they must mention the sources in which they got their information. For exampl e, if they got a particular piece of data from the textbook, then they must state As is presented in the textbook. If they got a particular piece of data from the internet then they must state, As ispresented on so-called website, or by so-called authorThey must also explicitly state how they used the special instructions from the teacher. For example, (ELLs students name) found that compromise was not a possible radical of the Civil War. In this example, it is assumed that compromise was on a list of words that an ELL student did not understand. He/she presented these list of words to his/her team. The team reviewed the list, and chose to use the word compromise as part of their argument. The student will finish the presentation of his/her argument. 11 12 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS.The teacher will tell the next team to present its argument. The team will follow the same procedure as above. The teacher will then hindrance recording of the debate. This debate will natural ly lead to questions, comments from both the teacher and the students. Phase IV Culmination The teacher will ask the groups to clear up any misunderstandings or misinformation the teams may have had within their argument. This is to give other team members a chance to speak about the argument, which reinforces the collaborative effort of the lesson.The teacher will also ask students how their teams or the other teamsinformation and debate skills differed and how these things were similar to the debate presented in the begin of the class. As a smaller activity, the teacher will instruct all the students to come up with one question, comment, critique of the other teams argument.This assignment will illustrate each students understanding of the Civil War Unit because it challenges students to relate, connect, or counter-argue their own knowledge of the unit. This question will be submitted to the teacher. Phase V Extension For homework, students will write a one-page analysis of the opposing teams arguments.The student will address the opposing sides arguments. He/she will evaluate the arguments weaknesses, strengths and why he/she disagreed or agreed with the points that were made. 12 13 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Learning Plan Analysis Formative assessments will include analyzing the collaborative efforts of the team, the behavior of each team during the presentation of the opposing teams arguments, how well each team member took on their role within their team, and how well the team incorporated textbook information, outside information, and special instructions from the teacher into theirargument.A summative assessment will include the teachers evaluation of the internet analysis/research paper, the one-page analysis of opposing teams argument, teachers evaluations of the strength of the arguments, and finally the popular vote (the results of youtube or school-based website). Weaknesses of this lesson plan include time constraints, and the many asse ssments involved. It may be difficult to accurately assess how well each team members took on their roles. Some students may still be taking on more work than others. Also, incorporating ELL/IEP students proved to be a difficult task..Strength of the lesson is it fosters team work, analytical skills, and gives students more power in the direction and implementation of a lesson. The teacher will implement these varied assessments in its first year, and then will evaluate the effectiveness of these assessments for future classes. The learning theories applied in the first phase was Vygotzkys Cognitive Process. Students are witnessing two adults debating and they are expected to try to learn/imitate the behaviors of those adults. In the second 13 14 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS phase, social cognitive theory is at play.The teacher both models desired behaviors/outcomes, as well as emphasizes self-efficacy and self-regulation. In the third phase, constructivism is illustrated. The debate is student-driven because the students are demonstrating their constructed knowledge within the debate. The assessments have a behaviorist component. Negative reinforcement (decrease a behavior) is illustrated when the teacher warns students that if they are not respectful or a team member does not contribute meaningfully, then they may be marked down (Ormrod, 2008). References Anderson, L. W. , & Krathwol, D. R. (2001) .A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing, 28-31. California Department of Education. (2013) California Common Core State Standards. http//www. cde. ca. gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards. pdf Jenkins, H. , Clinton, K. , Purushotma, R. , Robison, A. J. , and Weigel, M. (2006). Confronting the Challenges of participatory Culture Media Education for the 21st Century. Chicago, IL MacArthur Foundation. Ormrod, J. E. (2008). Educational Psychology Developing Learners, 8. 25-36. Teachers First. (2014) http//www. teachersfirst. com/gifted_strategi es. cfm 14 15 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS.

Abuse and Female Criminality

This paper examines the connection between female ill-doing and the item of abuse. Abused inmates were more possible to report substance abuse problems, interpersonal problems, emotional problems, and baffle a negative attitude towards life after prison house. The findings see the need for more study about the relationship between womens criminality and abuse, and the creating of programs for imprisoned women who have been abused.Introduction Nearly all of the available study on the criminality of women suggests that there is a connection between crime and environmental issues such as attitudes towards women or economic opportunity.Neverthe slight, many aspects of womens experiences are yet to be examined, oddly in relation to the fast increasing number of imprisoned women. This paper looks at the connection between women criminality and the experience of physical, emotional and sexual abuse.Historical mind- repose of Women in detention centers and Prison Reform in the US An as sessment of the limited literature on the account of the incarceration of women discloses a complex set of political, social, and personal problems that are experienced by women in the US over the last two centuries.During the nineteenth century, the grounds for incarcerating women and their experience once in prison were of anxiety to prison square awayers. check to Freedman (1981) in Their Sisters custodians, three conditions started to emerge in the 1820s that gave rise to the prison reform pressure group for women.In the beginning, most northerly states adopted the prison as a principal means of reducing and punishing criminal activity. Second, a small but important number of women became prisoners of these prisons, especially after 1940. Finally, middle-class American women inspired both by benevolence and their growing mindfulness as a sex became active in reform pressure groups that brought them into contact with their detained sisters.Freedman (1981) propose that the growi ng number of women in prison amid 1815 and 1860 can be connected to social change, particularly urbanization, and new agents of social force out such as moral reformers and urban police.Under these controls, not serious crimes against property or persons, but unlawful personal behavior such as, vagrancy, idle and chaotic conduct, and drunkenness brought the majority of law offenders of both sexes into the courts and detention centers (Freedman, 1981, p. 14). Still, Freedman states that the ethical codes for women were stricter, and therefore, women were more liable to be convicted of such crimes.To add on, he points out that low job opportunities and lower pays for women brought about economic marginalization and added the need for women to resort to criminal acts such as prostitution, particularly during wars, when men were not capable to continue their families.Prostitution was frequently the mainly readily available way for women to sustain themselves and their family. Once t ried or even suspected of a crime, a fair sex became even more marginalized.The sentence for the nineteenth century woman criminal was the brand fallen woman, and both men and women rejected anyone suspected of being a fallen woman. due to this stigma, the female detainee was largely neglected and frequently subjected to overcrowding, cruel treatment, and sexual abuse.This approach towards women can be drawn to our European precursors. According to Feinman (1980), in ancient Rome, Greece and medieval Europe, the main function of a woman was to provide successors for her husband to maintain his name and property line. As a result, treacherous women could be executed because of being unfaithful they threatened the legality of the heirs.In the late 19th century, Lombroso (1900) came up with a theory of criminology which was based on Social Darwinism. Lombroso hypothesized that women, poorer classes and nonwhites, were less evolved than upper-class white men, and so, were more liable to commit criminal offences.He further added that for women to commit crime and drift from the usual path of piety, maternity, and weakness, her wickedness must have been vast . . . (Lombroso & Ferrero, 1900, p. 150). This theory assisted in speculating the fallen woman concept.To efficiently help women inmates, women reformers had to liberate themselves from the long-held communal biases against fallen women. They had to stair over the sexual limpidity line and identify both the imprisoned and themselves women as being part of the same class These untimely reformers centered on the different conditions women prisoners were subjected to and they were mainly answerable for the creation of separate prisons for women.In the Progressive Era, which is at the beginning of the 20th century, women reformers turned their interest to the basis of female criminality. They discarded Social Darwinism and began to expand a sociological theory of female criminality that attacked the concept of a physiological criminal type, look at the relationship of mental aptitude and crime, and finally argued for an economic rendering of womens crime.The latest sociological theory identified environmental foundations of crime, including low-paying jobs, lack of education, and poverty. As a result, it became clear that prisons could not determine the social problems related with womens criminality. Reformers took numerous approaches toward solve the social challenges that were as a result of the incarceration of women and towards helping women once incarcerated.On the one hand, succefull reformers who preferred the extra-institutional, defensive services over incarceration focused on reforming criminal justice practices before the stage of imprisonment.On the other side, other reformers tried to advance the womens prisons via better categorization and education, and diversified training. Therefore, these growing environmental change theories direct to preventive services, mainly aime d at keeping economically marginalized women from using illegal activities such as prostitution to resolve economic problems (Freedman, 1981).

Distance Learning: The New Frontier in Education

Distance acquisition has started to compose to a greater extent visible in todays society. It has been have it awayd as an integral part of the precept system. plot of land still not being utilized in all places, its spreading and gaining ground as nonpareil of the more popular ways to pose information. As a means of educating students, distant encyclopaedism aids plug holes that have been created by a lack of a certified teacher being available. by distance learning, technology has become an intricate part of how students are educated. Early Beginnings Distance knowledge has been considered roughwhat of a new idea.However, some of the key out concepts that proceeding distance learning have been around for quite some time. Distance learning has a large portion of its roots in whats know as counterpoise study. According to Websters Dictionary, balance wheel is defined as, a course covered by a correspondence school. Correspondence is defined as, 1 a the agreement of things with one another b a particular similarity c a relation between sets in which each portion of one set is associated with one or more members of the other compare FUNCTION 5a. This information explains to us that two different parties are engaging in a form of communication with one another. The roots of distance learning are at least 160 years old. An advertisement in a Swedish newspaper in 1833 touted, the opportunity to study Composition through the medium of the Post. In 1840, Englands newly established penny post allowed Isaac Pitman to takeer shorthand instruction via correspondence. This information is very important because it helps in shaping some of the reasons and purpose of why correspondence was necessary.The power of correspondence began to develop yet further. Because its advantage was in its ability to send information via the postal service, correspondence created opportunities for people to gain knowledge without physically being present. Not all schola rs rely that form information transferrence marked the beginning of distance learning. The history of distance nurture could be tracked back to the early 1700s in the form of correspondence education, but technology-based distance education might be best linked to the introduction of audiovisual devices into the schools in the early 1900s. This is an interesting point because it shows that different reference work points are used according to a different set of criteria. As correspondence study continued to evolve, the implementation of correspondence schools began to expand. Several different correspondence schools were opened inside and outside of the United States In 1891, Thomas J. Foster, editor of the Mining Herald, a daily newspaper in eastern Pennsylvania, began offering a correspondence course in mining and the prevention of mine accidents.His business developed into the International Correspondence Schools, a commercial school whose levyment blow up in the premiere t wo decades of the 20th Century, from 225,000 in 1900 to more than 2 million in 1920. In Britain, we are informed that correspondence began to progress, with the founding of a number of correspondence fundaments, such as Skerrys College in Edinburgh in 1878 and University Correspondence College in London in 1887. As time progressed, distance learning bring forthd more support with the development of different communication mediums. Radio began to find its way into the mix of distance education. In the 1920s, at least 176 communicate stations were constructed at educational institutions, although approximately were gone by the end of the decade. The development of televised courses began to receive a major push as well In the early 1930s experimental television teaching programs were produced at the University of Iowa, Purdue University and Kansas State College. However, it was not until the 1950s that college credit courses were offered via broadcast television Western Reserve University was the first to offer a continuous series of such courses, beginning in 1951.The development of fiber optics paved the way for distance learning to make greater strides. It allowed for fast expansion of live, two-way, high-quality audio and video systems in distance education. With the introduction of the computer, teaching at a distance was able to really take off by leaps and bounds. Online courses found its way onto a number of colleges and universities. This was a great stepping stone for the development of such institutions as the British subject University, the Ameri provide Open University, Nova Southeastern University and the University of Phoenix.These schools offer an enormous amount of courses online. According to Teaching and learning at a Distance it is vital to the study of distance learning to concur theory because it directly impacts the practice of the field. There are many theorists whom express their ideologies that pertain to the historical backgro und of distance learning. There are several scholars that tear down how important the role of theory and distance education intertwine, including Borje Holmberg, Michael Moore, Otto Peters and many others.Theorists Desmond Keegan exemplifies the significance of theory and distance education when he expressed in 1988 Lack of accepted theory has weakened distance education there has been a lack of identity, a sense of belonging to the periphery and the lack of a touchstone against which decisions on methods, on media, on financing, on student support, when they have to be made, can be made with confidence. Keegan in his theories, implements how distance learning is vital in not only the classroom, but also how it encompasses the scopes of politics, finance, and fondism.According to this theorist this eccentric of education not only affects the classroom, it covers several properties of the world. Bjore Holmbergs ideas promote that like any type of education. This type is no diffe rent in that it is according to him, trial-and-error with mere attentiveness to the theoretical stand point in making decisions. The ideas between Holmberg and Keegan melodic line in that, Holmberg views distance learning as a representation of a deviation from conventional learning, while Keegans theories deduce that this type of instruction is a discrete type of education is symmetrical to the conventional methods.Contemporary Issues Distance Learning has created a wealth of opportunities for education to reach people in a variety of formats. With progress come concerns and issues that must also be addressed. There are several areas that have become red flags in the process of delivering education through the non-traditional classroom setting. Several policy issues have come about that are being examined. These areas of development deal with academic, fiscal and geographic Institutions will collect to develop policies that clarify everything from academic calendar to transferabi lity.When a course is offered at one institution through a traditional classroom model, the academic calendar, for example, is the view of that college or university. In certain cases, state regulations influence the calendar. But when a college enters into a consortia arrangement with other institutions on different academic calendars, it can become very confusing for the learners. In fact, some semesters or quarters end too late for courses to transfer to another college. Since distance learning models can enlarge this process, flexibility is required.This is an issue that I personally encountered while taking an online Spanish course at Pulaski Technical College in the summer of 2007. In order to enroll for Spanish 2 I had to show that I had passed Spanish 1. The deadline was 2 days before grades were to be posted. I was fortunate enough to receive help from the administration but it was an intervention that would be constant on the part of the university. Theres also the misg iving of integrity on the part of the students. age the use of CIV technology can alleviate some of this, other forms of distance learning continue to deal with this problem.The issue of students allowing others to complete their assignments has been around for quite some time. With distance learning, it looks to be just as prevalent. Fiscal concerns are consistent for a number of reasons. In most cases, distant education comes with a higher(prenominal) price tag than the conventional classroom setting One certain way to guarantee problems in a distance learning program is to command the role of receiving institutions those who do not offer the courses but provide the resources for learners to participate.This includes receive sites for interactive television courses and colleges that provide their computer laboratories to learners not enrolled at that institution. Contractual arrangements a great deal provide a source of revenue to these receive sites, but in some cases policie s do not provide, or prohibit, revenue sharing. Eventually, these receive sites become a source of frustration and potential revenue loss, which can diminish an otherwise well-run program.Distance learning policies must address the issue of equitable fiscal arrangements with receive sites and all other partners. These issues must be clarified in advance of program offerings, for without them, sound fiscal planning is impossible. Students are experiencing, what is called, geographic out-of-state fees for distance classes. This is a major concern because the internet is a boundless instrument that does not limit the learners ability to acquire knowledge on the basis of physical stead. petition students to pay extra fees for such this reason is of major concern Setting tuition clearly is a fiscal issue however, it also is a key aspect of the geographic service issue. Is out-of-state currently a relevant categorization for learners? Will out of country rates still apply? If we are to r ecognize the overarching reach of todays distance learning, existing policies need close examination and new policies may be needed to redefine tuition rates and service area restrictions.Another issue deals with the availability of instructors. While most of the curriculum is uploaded to the site in online courses, students may have questions that arent explained in the information. The difficulty comes in assay to contact the teacher through email or via telephone. The instructor may not respond in a timely manner, which puts the student at a disadvantage if the assignment is due before the question gets answered Respondents were asked to rank the variances between traditional course delivery and distance delivery.The scale was according to importance, one having the most importance and six the least importance. The order in which possible choices were ranked was not of importance in this question. The rankings provided by each respondent for each difference was what was being e xamined. Results can be seen in Table 4. The primary choice for most important was interaction with instructor with 40 out of 107 (37. 4 percent) responses. Ronn Atkinson, social studies teacher at the Distant Learning Center in Maumelle, suggests that, not all kids in Arkansas have access to the internet.Its either a question of accessibility or affordability. CIV is very expensive. Buying the system and paying the line charges, etc. Some districts cant afford it on their own without help. Futuristic Implications Distance learning has made some very interesting strides and looks to be a mainstay in the future. This alternate form of education looks to be the growing as it takes on different shapes. Distance learning will take the place of traditional classrooms because of the accessibility that students have to computers.The overhead cost of running and operating an educational institution from a building will be a big determining factor in the success of distance learning Despite the challenges distance education presents to our traditional conceptions of education and instructional delivery, distance education enrollment at community colleges has increased greatly over the last decade, suggesting that distance education offers an selection to the traditional classroom experience that accommodates many students individual circumstances and educational needs.Although the goals and outcomes of distance education are still somewhat unclear, it is generally agreed upon, however, that the marriage of technology and higher education will be a lasting one, and by the year 2000 more students will be instructed via more media than was ever design possible. Though distance learning has become a very viable asset to education, a very key component to learning may be lost in the shuffle.The instructors ability to inspire the students through classroom lectures and instruction would most definitely not have the same effect on a student via online learning How can we substitute for the inspiration of personal interaction with faculty members? In all of my years at Miami-Dade federation College, I never received a letter complementing a college program without reference to a faculty member or other staff member who had inspired or contributed to the development of the writer. Almost all of us can point to an individual, very often a faculty member, who had major impact on our lives.Is there a way to keep that inspiration in a distance learning situation? Is there something to be substituted? Compressed Interactive telly (CIV) has become a very interesting form of technology. This medium allows students to be taught a subject by a teacher in another location outside of the school building. So if a student is interested in taking a sociology course and their school does not offer it, he/she can utilize this system. More students are taking advantage of this technology each year. While CIV is still pretty expensive, over time it will become more a ffordable.Once that happens, it will help in the progression of home schooled students. Conclusion The power of learning at a distance has reached unparalleled heights in its ability to educate students. While there are some concerns as to whether or not its the cure all, there doesnt seem to be much concern whether or not it is the medium of the future. It is cost efficient and looks to be the ultimate replacement of school building instruction. Distance learning is the authentically the way of the new frontier. BibliographySimonson, Michael Smaldino, Sharon Albright, Michael Zvacek, Susan. Teaching at a Distance. Upper Saddle River, NJ Merrill Prentice Hall, 2000. Gellman-Danley, B. , & Fetzner, M. J. (1998). Asking the Really Tough Questions Policy Issues for Distance Learning Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Volume I, cast 1, Spring, State University of West Georgia, Distance Education. Schmidt, E. K. & Gallegos. A. (2001). Distance Learning Issues and Conce rns of Distance Learners, Journal of Industrial Technology, Volume 17, Number 3 May 2001 to July 2001.McCabe, Robert H. (1996). Ten questions for the future of distance learning, Community College Week, 10415726, 7/29/96, Vol. 8, Issue 26 The Future of Distance Learning. (1994). Retrieved April 25, 2009, from EducationAtlas. com Website http//www. educationatlas. com/the-future-of-distance-learning. html Research in Distance Learning. (2009) The History of Distance Education. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from MA Distributed Learning Web site http//www. digitalschool. net/edu/DL_history_mJeffries. html

Organizational Culture Essay

It is extensively acknowledge that memorial tabletal floriculture plays an increasingly essential role in a successful company. However, in the meanwhile whether organizational culture should be assortmentd constitutes a controversial issue. Many managers assert that organizational culture must be transmuted while few others argue that organizational culture needs non to be adjustmentd. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the former view. In this essay, firstly, I will talk about what is organizational culture and what do organizational cultures do.In the second gear place, I will discuss why organizational culture should be changed. Thirdly, I will analyze the attempts of organizational culture change. Fin all(prenominal)y, I will expatiate how to retard take chancess of organizational culture change. What is organizational culture? A number of years back, I watched an Ameri croupe reality television The Apprentice, and I remember a fraud was asked what he thought organizational culture mean by Doanld Trump. He said I supportt express it, however,I occur it when I know it. Most people so-and-sonot define organizational culture accurately by concise word.However there seems to be widely recognized that organizational culture indicates a strategy of sh ard meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. (Becker, 1982, pp. 513-27 and Schein 1985 p. 168) This shargond system meaning is, on further investigation, a series of grievous features that the organization values. The investigation advises that there ar seven main features that, gather up the threads, constitute the essence of an organizational culture. (Reilly III, Chatman, Jehn, 1991, pp. 487-516 and Chatman, Jehn, 1994, pp. 522-553 Ashkanasy, Wilderom, Peterson, 2000) 1.Innovation and adventure the extent to which employees atomic number 18 encouraged to be make innovations and adventure. 2. Detail oriented the extent to which employees ar e anticipated to exhibit meticulous, analysis and detail oriented. 3. Attention to outcome the extent to which guidance attach importance to results or outcomes rather than on the skills and processes practiced to achieve those outcomes.Attention to people the extent to which way decisiveness take into regard the act of results on people at heart the organization. 5. Attention to team the extent to which job activities are organized around teams rather than individuals. . Aggressiveness the extent to which people are aggressive and competitive rather than easygoing 7. Stability the extent to which organizational activities stress keeping the status quo by comparison to growth and development. in that location is no denying that organizational culture is just a descriptive concept, because of organizational culture is paid attention to how employees perceive the features of their organizations culture, not with whether or not they like it. Furthermore, it is obvious that a comp any discountnot have alone one organizational culture.As we know, there are many employees who have different ambit or at different levels in a company, so they must have different perspective with organizational culture. In the mean time, there are two different cultures in one company, dominant culture and subculture. Dominant culture describes the core values that are shared by a just about of the employees, when we talk about an organizational culture, we are referring to its dominant culture In general, subculture develop in a big company to reflex conjunct problems, situations or experiences that staff meet. What do cultures do?Culture has a variety of functions in an organization. First, it creates distinctions between one organization and others. Second, it expresses a sense of identity for employees. Third, it precipitates employees not only care ones individual self-interest, but also care whole organizational interest. Fourth, it improves the stability of the organiz ation. Finally, culture serves as a sense- making and deem mechanism that guides and shapes the attitudes and behavior of employees. (Reilly, Chatman, Staw, Cummings, 1996). Why organizational culture should be changed?Compelling tunes underside be made that organizational culture should be changed, immediately. The first school principal with respect to this is that our society is advancing at an amazing speed in this day and age, more and more organizations face a dynamic and changing environment. As a consequence, all organizations must fit to the changeable society. Change or die is the rallying cry among todays manager worldwide. In the second place, with the development of technology and science, the sense of distance between people getting closer, our world became a multicultural environment.Therefore, many companies have to do adjustment to adapt environment. More precisely, many companies must spend large amount of money and much energy on training to improve skills of employees. Last but not least, in this world, competition is a part of our lives, never disappear. Especially in the business society, the weaks are the prey of the strongs, increasing competition makes it inevitable for builded organizations to defend themselves against both traditional competitors who develop new products and services, and small entrepreneurial firms with innovative offerings.This makes sense in that a good organization will be the ones that can change according to the competition. They followed the steps of the times, able to develop new products quickly and put them on the market. They accelerate production operations, shortened product cycle and constantly affirm new products that can adapt to radically-changing environment. The risks of organizational culture On the other hand, colorable arguments can be made that organizational culture should not to be changed.This argument has considerable merit in that e very little change can bring huge risks, especial ly for a business organization. For example, a change is schedule and employees as soon as possible respond by voicing complaints, demotivation, even threatening go on strike and so on. In general, risk can be divided two big parts, individual risks and organizational risks. Individual sources of risk belong to primary human characteristics such as consciousness, characteristics and requirements. There are five different risks in individual resources.Custom (Habit) Do you go to school or meet always through same highway every day? Most peoples answer Yes Our lives are so complicated, we have to make hundreds of decisions. Therefore, face to lifes complexities, we lean upon habits or programmed responses. However, when faced with change, this tendency to respond in our usual ways becomes a source of risk. For instance, when your department moves to another new building, it means you have to change your habits get up earlier ten minutes pass a new street go to swear out look for a new parking adapt to new offices overall arrangement and so on. . Security People with a high need for security are potential to stick out change because it threatens their feelings of safety.For example, when Sony&Ericsson announced to lay off 17000 employees or Ford will introduce new robots, these employees feel their job unsafe. 3. Economic Changes in work tasks or job specification can lead to economic fears if people are cared that they would not be able to adapt to new tasks or standards, especially when reward is closely related to productivity. 4. Fear of the unknown Change replaces vagueness and indetermination for the unknown.When we graduated from high school ready enter university was a wonderful example. In high school, we understood that what things need to do, you maybe dislike high school life, but at least, you know this system. We faced a fresh and uncertainty system in university, you have to sacrifice your know to exchange unknown, it was associated with un certainty fears. 5. Selective information processing Individuals are sinful of selective processing information in the cause of maintain their whole consciousness.They hear what they want to hear and they ignore information that challenges the world they have created. Organization is conservative for its essentially, it resist change energetically. (Hall, 1987) This phenomenon can be seen everywhere, for example, governmental agencies want to continue devote oneself to their work, no matter what the market need to change The organized religion has ineradicable history, changing unearthly doctrine need great perseverance and patience Many business companies also think change can bring many risks.There are six organizational sources of risk. (Katz, Kahn, 1978) 1. Structural inertia Organizations keep their stability by inner mechanism, like their selection processes that choose employees in or out very systematically Training and other socialize technology strengthen requests and ski lls for every concrete role Organizational normalization provides job specifications, rules and regulations to employees. After selection, the satisfactory employees can enter organization, then, organization will model and guide their behaviors by kind of way.When an organization is meted with change, this structural inertia act as risk (even counterbalance) to maintain stability. 2. particular(a) Change attention Organizations are made up of a quantity of interdependent subsystems. One cannot be changed without influencing the others. More exactly, in the meantime, organizations just change technological process, and not change organizational structure for match it, so technological change cannot adapt to. It seems that limited change in subsystems tend to be nullify by the lager system. 3. Group inertnessEven though individuals want to change their behavior, group criterion may act as a force of constraint. For instance, an trade unionist maybe accept job change from capital, but if union regulation provide that resist any change by capital unilaterally change, because risk will appear. 4. Threat to professional knowledge Changes in organizational model may threaten the expertise of specialized groups. In 1980s, the process of adopting distributed personalized computer was a good example. This computer can let user direct got information from host computer of company, but it encountered many information departments counterview.Why, because the use distributed computers can bring risks for special technology of information departments. 5. Threat to established power relationships Any reapportionment of decision-making power can threaten long-established power relationships within organization. Participative decision and self-management work team are belong to this change, it used to be threaten by low-level managers. 6. Threat to established resource distributions Groups in the organization that control considerable resources see change as a risk.They tend to be gratify with the way things are. For instance, whether change means their budget or members decrease? Those groups which can get much benefit from existing resource allocations used to be threaten by future allocations. How to prevent risks of organizational culture change? Although Organizational change brings many risks, in some ways, this is positive. It regulates a degree of stability and predictability to behavior. If there were not some risks, organizational behavior would take on the representatives of chaotic randomness.According to these risks, there were six tactics have been suggested for use by change planners in dealing with preventing risks. (Kotter, Schlesinger, 1979) 1. Education and Communication Risk can be shortend through communicating with employees to help them understand the logic of a change. The fundamental assumption of this strategy is the reason of producing risks that fights the effects of misinformation and miscommunication if employees see all facts and eliminate entire misread, risks should disappear. Our communication could through talk personally, group discussion, memorandum, report and so on.Indeed, research shows that the way the need for change is sold matters-change is more likely when the necessity of changing is packaged properly. (Dutton, Ashford, ONeill, Lawrence, 2001) By the way, when the risk of change definitely from miscommunication and labor relations character by mutual trust, this tactic does work if these conditions cannot be have, it does not work. 2. Participation It is difficult for individuals to hit back a change decision in which they participated. Before changing, those opposed can be brought into the decision process.Presuming that the participants have the professional knowledge to make a meaningful contribution, their participation can reduce risk, obtain promise, and improve the quality of change decision. However, this tactic has two disadvantages. First, it maybe has potential poor de cision second, it would take much time. 3. Support and Promotion Change planners can provide a range of supportive measures to reduce risk. When employees feel fear and worried, the company should offer recommendation and counseling psychology, new-technologies training or a short paid leave of holiday may bear on adjustment.Research on middle managers has shown that when managers or employees have low emotional commitment to change, they favor the status quo and resist it. (Huy, 2002, pp. 31-69) 4. Negotiation Another way for the change planner to cope with potential risk to change is to exchange something valuable for waken risk. For example, if the risk is concentrated in some powerful individuals, a particular payment scheme can be negotiated that will satisfy their individual needs. Negotiation as a tactic may be necessary when risk comes from a powerful provenience. But, planner cannot ignore its potentially high costs.On the side, if change planner negotiates with one party to avoid risk, he or she is subject to the possibility of being extorted by other individuals which have power. 5. Control and Cooptation Manipulation deal with concealed influence attempts. Some illustration of this are twisting and misunderstanding facts to make them more attractive, blocking undesirable information, and creating rumors to get employees to accept change. If managers threatens to closed down a extraordinary manufacturing plant if that plants employees do not accept an across-the-board pay cut, and if the threat is actually untrue, managers is using manipulation.Cooptation, on the other side, is a mode of both manipulation and participation. It try to find vitiate off the leaders of against group by giving them an important role in the change decision. The leaders suggestion is explored, not to seek a good decision, but to get their authorization. Both manipulation and cooptation are comparatively low-cost and easy ways to enhance the support of opponents, but t he tactics can backfire if the targets become conscious that they are being tricked or used. If by any chance detected, the change planners reputation may gloaming to zero.It used by change planners in dealing with opponents to change that is, the application of direct thrusts or force on the opponents. The color is quite mandatory, if the company management indicated to in the previous discussion really is determined to shut down if employees do not agree with a pay cut. Other examples of coercion are threats of transfer, loss of promotions, negative performance appraisal and so on. The advantages and disadvantages coercion are similar to the benefits and drawbacks of manipulation and cooptation.For my part, after considering the arguments above, I would concede that organizational change can bring many risk, the members of conservative not support change. Nevertheless, despite that I think the organizations should be changed, every day is different, anything would be changed as t ime goes on. Overall, I am convinced that with development of society, managers will discover many effective change plans to adapt to market competition.

Lord of the Flies: The end of innocence Essay

Lord of the Flies. The end of innocence and the nefariousness of mans heart. Do you agree that these argon the central upkeeps of Goldings novel? Please justify your answer making close reference to the text.In his novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding raises the issue of the end of innocence and the darkness of mans heart in his portrayal of certain characters. However, he contrasts such characters with those who possess the human spirit, that is, a humanity and decency that can survive the intimately perfect circumstances. By contrasting characters of son of a bitch and Ralph, Golding raises the theme of full(a) versus evil, loss of innocence, the struggle for power and his central concern seems to be that there is a turn out veneer between civilised man and the savage.Though Ralph turns out to be a good leader beca habit of his moral principles, initially the boys choose him over Jack because of his appearance you could see now that he could have made a boxer. However, as leade r, Ralph is faced with adult problems which force him to lose his innocence and discontinue as a character. For example, Ralph reveals Piggys name to the others after Piggy had asked him not to, but he experiences empathy towards him Ralph, looking with more understanding at Piggy, axiom that he was hurt and crushed. This causes him to mature and treat Piggy with more respect. Ralph attempts to maintain order among the boys by constructing a set of rules. For example, the fact that one must be holding the conch to speak.The conch represents a intellect of order and democracy among the boys and Golding describes it as precious and valuable yet fragile. The fact that the rules get ignored gives a sense that Ralph is losing power and the boys are gradually deteriorating into savages. The idea of the loss of order is reinforced by Golding when Ralph notices that the conch is losing its shine. By the end of the novel, Ralph is the only one not to degenerate into a savage and retains h is dignity. This is demonstrated when Samneric wanted to wear paint but Ralph refused to wear it we wont wear paint because were not savages. His fight for good against evil leads him into a situation quite beyond him because the standards he represents are crushed in a world run by Jacks kind of rules.Jack epitomizes the corrupt dictator in society. From the very beginning he is illustrated as a sinister character through Goldings use of diction such as dark, shadow and evil. He also shows malice towards Piggy, shutting him up when hes got the conch Shut up fatty this shows his disregard of the rules which pushes him to savagery. On the expedition around the island he found a piglet. Jack was on the point of killing it when he realized the exorbitance the downward stroke would be and let it get away, but afterwards he said, Next time there would be no mercy which is a turning point for Jack as he is now prepared to kill. The image of the pig can be linked to the character, Piggy, and Jacks finis to kill the pig foreshadows his murder of Piggy.This is ironic since Jack was introduced as a choirboy and it reveals that we are all capable of evil. Unlike Ralph, Jack degenerates as a character, meet an ape-like savage with a lust for killing. He attempts to assert his power and abolish the order when he tries to eliminate the need for the conch We dont need the conch anymore. aft(prenominal) he becomes chief, he abuses his power. For instance, he makes his seat into a throne and he takes Piggys glasses by force You came around like a thief and stole Piggys glasses. He also managed to corrupt the others through his use of paint the mask compelled them and the reward of meat.Goldings central concern seems to be that there is a thin veneer between civilised man and the savage. He shows us that the end of innocence and the darkness of mans heart is not applicable to everyone in the novel, for example, Ralph, Piggy and Simon are good characters, who possess the hum an spirit, in that their humanity and decency survive under the most extreme conditions. By contrasting characters, such as Ralph and Jack, Golding raises themes of good versus evil, loss of innocence and the struggle for power.

Needle Exchange Program Essay

The spur exchange weapons platform provides sterile needles in exchange for phthisisd dirty needles. Research has stated that with a class in place go out reduce HIV and hepatitis C. The program testament provide counseling and admirer educate the dose users.I am against the needle exchange program. The needle exchange program patronises drug users in giving sterile needles. Needle exchange programs argon telling our children it is refreshing to use drugs because the government will supply cracking needles.The legislation should not support the needle exchange program. The program will send the wrong pass to our children if legislation in which to fund such a program. The exchange will use our tax dollars and will increase the amount of drug paraphernalia. If the legislation were to support a program, it will change the morals of our country.The pros of the program are the cost-effective way to reduce needle sharing among drug addicts. This program will help users obtain drug treatment, detox, and some health screening. The users will receive HIV education and counseling for their addiction.The disadvantages of the needle exchange program are more significant then having the program. The program would al offset tax dollars to fund such a program. The tax dollars can be used for other programs. The program would increase drug paraphernalia in areas in which it is already high. The location of the needle exchange sites will hurt our communities and there will be more drug addicts in these areas. This will show the wrong message to our children.Drug addicts transfer HIV in many other ways then the use of dirty needles. Sharing the water mixture for heroin and having unsafe sex are examples if other ways to transmit HIV. Addicts choose to take drugs and have to own the disease risks that follow drug use. It states that drug dealers sell drugs near needle exchange sites. This will increase crime in these areas.Needle exchange will create undesirable c ommunities and will discourage new residents from the community. Needle exchanges will make the community unsafe. The programs bring in drug addicts, which are not clean individuals. The community will become less clean with needles on the streets and community parks. Drug-addicts are unstable and commit crimes. This will jeopardize the safety of the community.Treatment is low at needle exchange sites. The needle exchange programs do not make efforts to change drug-addicts. The counseling given is not effective treatment. Drug addicts are told ways to go cold turkey, which isnt effective way to treat the addicts. Increasing treatment is a better solution then needle exchange.In conclusion the needle exchange programs will not decrease drug use or HIV. This is not an effective way to help drug addicts. bighearted sterile needles to drug addicts is telling them it is alright to do drugs. We need to take tax dollars for rehab clinics. The government needs to give health care to the un insured drug users and they can receive counseling to get off the drugs which ruin their lives. All of these programs will help reduce HIV. It is important to ensure that our young children know that drugs will kill drug addicts and should not be promoted with these programs on our streets.

Accounts Receivable and Acquisitions Journal

Part E Acquisitions Substantive Tests of Transactions TRANSACTION-RELATED audited account OBJECTIVES of the essence(p) AUDIT PROCEDURES Occurrence * par prices on vendor invoices with approved price limits established by management. * critical review the acquisitions journal, public ledger, and accounts due master file for large or unusual amounts. Completeness * Trace a exemplar of receiving reports to the acquisitions journal. * Trace from a file of vendors invoices to the acquisitions journal. Trace from additions in perpetual inventory records to recorded acquisitions. Accuracy * equal amounts for entries in acquisitions journal to colligate vendors invoices, purchase orders and receiving reports. * Recompute information on vendor invoices. * canvass prices on vendor invoices with approved price limits established by management. post horse and Summarization * Trace individual entries in accounts payable master file to acquisitions journal. Classification * Exami ne vendors invoices for proper classification. Compare classification with chart of accounts by address to vendors invoices. Timing * Compare dates of receiving reports and vendors invoices with dates in the acquisitions journal. Part F. Cash Disbursements Substantive Tests of Transactions TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVES SUBSTANTIVE AUDIT PROCEDURES Occurrence * Trace turned check numbers in the cash disbursements journal to related cancelled checks and examine for payee, name, and amount. Examine cancelled check for authorized signature, proper endorsement, and cancellation by the bank. * Review the cash disbursements journal, general ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual amounts. * Trace cancelled check to the related acquisitions journal entry and examine for payee name and amount. Completeness * Trace entries in acquisitions journal to subsequent payment in cash disbursements journal. Accuracy * Compare cancelled checks with the related acquisit ions journal and cash disbursements journal entries. * Recompute cash discounts. Posting and Summarization * Trace individual entries in accounts payable master file to cash disbursements journal. Classification * Compare classification with chart of accounts by reference to vendors invoices and acquisitions journal. Timing * Compare dates on cancelled checks with cash disbursements journal. * Compare dates on cancelled checks with the bank cancellation date.

Cell Transport Lab

Cell Transport lab Hypothesis I hypothesis that there willing be a movement of molecules out of the ball, and will move into the water solution. Osmosis will occur within the globe, and in the process the molecules of the egg will diffuse. time (hrs) Observations Circumference (cm) 0 * Egg is of normal weight and size * No membrane is being shown, and is or so perfect * 14 centimeters * 24 * Egg has gotten larger taking in some of the water * face is soft * 15 centimeters * 48 * It larger now than before, opaque in appearance * Firm to specter * 16 centimeter * 72 * Transparent almost see through, fluid inside is visible * It has choke even more firm and hard * 17 centimeters Conclusion 1. The egg changed exactly three centimeters in size from 14 centimeter, to 17 centimeters. 2.Yes my hypothesis was correct, osmosis occurred and the molecules in the egg transferred and in a result the egg took in water. 3. The type of transport that will occur within the egg will be osmosi s. chemise occurred within the egg, when water was taken in within the egg. 4. The liquid goes through the membranes of lettuce or spinach cells and surges the overall firmness of the leaves. 5. What I think will happen to the egg if you put it in syrup, would be that the egg will egg deflate a little from the humongous state and go back to normal. maybe the water will come out from the egg and go within the syrup somehow.

Oligopoly in India Essay

A market structure dominated by a small number of puffy firms, selling either equal or differentiated mathematical products, and significant barricades to entry into the industry.This is one of four underlying market structures. The other three argon perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition.The three most important characteristics of oligopoly are1. An industry dominated by a small number of erect firms2. Firms sell either identical or differentiated products3. The industry has significant barriers to entry.PRICINGThe members of an oligopoly change the nature of a free market. piece they cant dictate harm and availability like a monopoly can, they often turn into neighborly competitors, since it is in all the members interest to maintain a stable market and profitable prices.With four or five large firms responsible for most of the output of each industry, avertance of price competition became to the highest degree automatic. If one firm were to dispir it its prices, it is likely that its competitors pass on do the same and all entrust conform to lower profits. On the other hand, it is dangerous for any single firm to increase its prices since the others talent let in their prices in order to addition market share. The safest thing is to never lower prices and only raise prices when thither is abundant evidence that the other firms will also raise prices. The largest or lowest-cost or most belligerent firm will often emerge as the price leader. When business conditions permit, the price leader will raise prices with the expectation that the others will follow. The practice of price leadership prevails in many industriesCompetition does non exist in any form. Oligopolies that follow a price leader do non soak up in price competition, but they still contest for market share with a variety of forms of non-price competition. Pepsi and s nowadaysfall each spend billions on TV ads designed to entice the consumer to switch s moke filths.SCALE OF cognitive processOligopolistic firms that operate on a national or global scale are also enormous in another sense they are just plain big. Many turn out several carbon thousand employees and multi-billions of dollars in assets. Size is itself a source of power.ENTRY BARRIERSOligopolies can become unstable when tender firms attempt to gain entry. Of course the high cost of acquiring plant and equipment acts as a barrier to entry. It is also costly to enter an industry dominated by a small number of cognize trade names. Small firms already in the industry present a special problem. Some might try to grow beyond their formal niches. The large firm will often simply bribe the up-and-coming small firm. Or the large firm or firms may rely on its established relationships with customers or suppliers to limit the activities of smaller firms.The new oligopoly is make up of multinational corporations that have chosen ad hoc product or service categories to dom inate. In each category, over time, only two to four subject area players prosper. Starting a new company in that market segment is difficult, and the few that do adopt are often gobbled up or run out of business by the oligopolies.MANIPULATING DEMANDThe large firm is often in a position to create a demand for its own product through advertizing. succession this sometimes leads to actual product melioratement, it can also lead to the drudgery of images kind of than truly different products.A study of the tactics of brand names points out that good brand names are most important for the type of products that are relatively undifferentiated in damage of product specifications or performance and where consumers are relatively satisfied with existing brands. One conclusion of the study is that on the whole, branding is important only where the character of the product is not.Few multinationals aspire to be monopolies. Monopolies overstretch government regulation and consumer ange r (just ask Microsoft). Small oligopolies ( much(prenominal) as atomic number 6, Pepsi) make plenty of money and avoid the constant attention of the regulators.Oligopoly, then, is a compromise a social adaptation to powerful technological trends. While the rules of perfect competition should both assure that prices reflect the true costs of production and that firms continue to improve their products and production processes, operating under these rules leads to the type of price competition that continually threatens the value of vast holdings of pricey and specialized production facilities. So we have accepted a set of economic rules that limit price competition but still seem to result in competition over product and production process development. Technology forced firms to become bigger, yet that very bigness put them at such(prenominal) risk that they had to become even bigger in order to control prices.OLIGOPOLY IN BEVERAGE laborIn the Indian context, the soft drink marke t though it may seem to be duopoly is basically an oligopoly. Barring the two major cola giants Coke and Pepsi, every city also has local competitors and at that engineer is a large unorganized flavoured water market. Moreover, bottled water is also a competitor to the cola brands and in this category neither of the two cola companies are market leaders. However, as far as the cola flavored fizzydrinks are concerned there are only two brands, Coke and Pepsi. Under such a situation economists would say there would be intense competition. Unless, the two parties collaborate with each other, which is sure enough not the case in the cola market worldwide or in India.This implies that the primary troth is for market share and hence intensity of competition is high. Each and every move by a player attracts retaliation. 3 things important to be successful in this category (oligopoly of colas) are1. HIGH cognizance This has two components-one is media knowingness the other relates to point of enjoyment. The first one really means large advertise spends, and simple messages repeated umpteen times. Eg. lways Coca-Cola?or il mange more? Simple and memorable. The category leader dictates the awareness level. Once that has been established, the number two player needs to ferret out a lever, which will ensure a position close to the leader, with less money spent.2. EASY AVAILABILITY Marketers in this category need to find innovative ways of ensuring availability of their brand at different intake occasions and time.3. HIGH EMOTIONS The severalize differentiation in this category is emotion. Brand personality can make or break the brands in this category.In an oligopoly, it is foolish to cut price unless one of the two parties have a much lower cost base. That, too, is not the case in India. Both brands, Coke and Pepsi, invest heavily in advertising and in distribution through their franchise and their own systems. However, a great deal of attention is stipendiar y by both companies to cost, particularly in the development of a tightly effective supply range of a function system in which economies are squeezed out and, wherever possible both overheads and working capital are controlled.As a result it is extremely difficult to precipitate prices. Indeed, it is counter-productive, as when prices are trim in a particular area by oneof the cola brands, the second must follow. There have been some examples of price reduction, but this is generally the local franchise or the sales management of a particular area reducing the price. This is, however, generally not the case and prices have only been reduced in the recent past if there has been a reduction in Government taxes, either at the primordial or State level.However, there has been some major initiative on the price front. The first took place some years ago when the brand Coca-Cola came back to India. At that time colas were sold in two hundred ml bottles. Coca-Cola launched itself in a ll major cities in the 300 ml size at the same price as Pepsi, which was then in a cc ml bottle.Pepsi was, however, prepared for Coca-Cola to launch in the larger bottle, which became the standard inmost parts of the country, making the price a parity issue between the two brands.A few years ago, Pepsi launched itself in one litre and 1.5 litre non-returnable ducky bottles at a discount in comparison to a 300 ml returnable glass bottle, the tralatitious packaging in this product category. This resulted in a significant increase in the depth of consumption amongst the loyal consumers in the larger towns.Coke followed Pepsi in each of the above moves in order to reduce the cost per glass to the consumer.The soft drink majors also pioneered a 500 ml non-returnable positron emission tomography bottle, which was advertised almost totally on the cost of the consumer per 100 ml of cola. The great advantage of PET bottle is that they not only encourage high level of consumer but increase d home consumption which was small compared to out of home consumption.The latest move to reduce price to the consumer was followed by Pepsi in April,2003 when it reduced the price of its 300 ml returnable glass bottle segment from Rs. 8 to Rs. 6 and priced 200 ml bottle at Rs. 5. However, Cokestill priced it 300 ml bottle at Rs. 8. Coke wanted to push the 200 ml Chota Coke pack in summer since they wanted to gain volumes so they priced 200 ml at Rs 5/-.The fresh price war follows an earlier assault when both Pepsi and Coke reduced prices by about 20% across the board just to begin with the Union Budget for 2003-04 provided them with excise duty relief.In the recent past both the companies took aggressive travel and signed on thousands of new retailers in a need into campestral India that has pushed up sales steeply.Coca-Cola has made its beverages available in 40,000 additional villages in the buy the farm three years. As a result, the rural areas now contribute 35 per cent o f the companys sales compared with 25 per cent in 2000. gross revenue volume jumped over 125% in some rural areas.In order to service distributed markets better, Coca-Cola has doubled the number of refrigerators in the market to 500,000 and added 5,000 new autos and light commercial vehicles to its fleet in the lead one year. Pepsi also has also doubled distributors, cooling capacity and even the number of vehicles in rural areas.Thus, the contribution of rural areas to total sales has climbed from below 10 per cent to 10-15 per cent for Pepsi in the last couple of years.Pepsi has added more than 200 people to drive rural activation programmes and ensure improved reporting and market penetration. In addition, a new hub and spoke model has been put in place to drive the rural expansion plan.Both companies say there is untapped potential in the rural areas that will fuel quick growth in the coming years. e the rural expansion plan.In a competitive situation such as the one that exi sts in the cola market, the important thing is not the price it is the value that the consumergets. And that always increases in proportion to the ferocity of the battle in the marketplace.